View source for Seed Waste

{{Infobox_Seeds
| image                               = picturefollow.jpg
| origin                              = Chiefly South America, Asia
| stowage factor                      = 1,39 to 2,09 (m3/t)
| angle of repose                     = Not applicable
| humidity and moisture               = See text
| oil content                         = See text
| ventilation                         = -
| risk factors                        = -
}}
==Description==
Seed Waste (further referred to as Seedcake) is the residue remaining after the removal of oil from any oil-bearing [[seeds]], cereals and cereal products, and any other commodities with similar properties. This is achieved by mechanical crushing or by a process known as solvent extraction. Seedcake is a by-product of the production of vegetable oils from the oil-bearing seeds or grains, and is principally used as an animal feed or fertiliser. <br><br>
With some exceptions (for example, solvent-extracted seedcake with low-residual oil and moisture, which is not regarded as hazardous), seedcake is a hazardous cargo that can self-heat owing to the presence of moisture, residual oil or both. Although the self-heating process is slow, it can cause the bulk temperature of the cargo to rise to the point at which it ignites spontaneously. The shipper is required, according to the provisions of the IMSBC Code, to provide a certificate from a
person recognised by the competent authority of the country of shipment confirming the oil and moisture content of the shipment,
on the basis of which the UN number of the cargo is determined. <br><br>
The moisture content of a seedcake cargo is relevant since high moisture content promotes microbiological activity, which may be
responsible for the initial rise in temperature up to about 70ºC and deterioration in the quality of the seedcake. This activity alone will not cause the seedcake to ignite, but it will accelerate oxidation of the residual oil, which in turn can cause the temperature to rise sufficiently to the point at which the seedcake will spontaneously ignite.<br><br>
According to the IMSBC Code, seedcake derived from solvent extraction has an additional hazard arising from residual flammable
solvent mixed in the cargo. Seedcake determined to be non-hazardous, and certified as such, is non-combustible and has a low fire risk. <br><br>
It is important to measure the cargo temperature before and after loading, and during carriage to ensure that incipient signs of self-heating are detected and appropriate action can be taken. Digital thermometers of the type shown below are employed for this purpose.<br><br>
There are four types of seedcake listed in the IMSBC Code defined by the oil and moisture content and the method of
production. These are summarised below : <br><br>
* 1. Mechanically expelled seeds, containing more than 10% of oil or more than 20% of oil and moisture combined.<br>
* 2. Solvent extractions and expelled seeds, containing not more than 10% of oil and when the amount of moisture is higher than 10%, not more than 20% of oil and moisture combined. <br>
* 3. With not more than 1.5% oil and not more than 11% moisture. <br>
* 4. ON-HAZARDOUS <br>
Solvent-extracted rape seed meal, pellets, soya bean meal, cotton seed meal and sunflower seed meal, containing not more
than 4% oil and 15% oil and moisture combined and being substantially free from flammable solvents.<br><br>
Seedcake is usually transported as a dry bulk cargo, in the form of pulp, meal, cake, pellets and expellers.<br><br>

'''Self-heating and spontaneous combustion'''<br>
The main hazard of seedcake cargo is the risk of self-heating and spontaneous combustion. Ships carrying hazardous cargo are
required to have on board a valid document of compliance confirming the ship’s suitability for carrying dangerous goods. 
Self-heating leading to spontaneous combustion in a cargo of seedcake can be triggered by microbiological activity or exposure to a source of elevated temperature in the hold or both. <br><br>
As with other dangerous goods, the IMSBC Code requires hazardous seedcakes to be kept as cool and dry as reasonably
practicable, and stowed away from all sources of heat or ignition.<br><br>
Sources of heat and ignition include:<br>
• hot fuel oil tanks<br>
• hot fuel oil lines<br>
• hold lights left on<br>
• poor electrical wiring<br>
• carelessly discarded smokers’ materials<br>
• engine room bulkheads<br><br>

'''Documentation'''<br>
The shipper/charterer shall provide the master or his representative with appropriate information on the cargo sufficiently
in advance of loading to enable the precautions that may be necessary for the safe loading and the proper stowage and safe
carriage of the cargo to be put into effect.<br><br>
When the master is instructed to load a cargo that he is not familiar with, the master should request further information from the owner/operator or charterer.<br><br>
Cargo information shall be confirmed in writing and by appropriate
shipping documents prior to loading. <br><br>
Documentation required on board a ship carrying dangerous goods:<br>
• Stowage plan<br>
Each ship carrying dangerous goods in solid form in bulk shall have a special list or manifest setting forth the dangerous goods
on board and the location thereof, in accordance with Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulations. A detailed stowage plan,
which identifies by class and sets out the location of all dangerous goods onboard, may be used in place of such a special list or manifest.<br>
• Emergency response<br>
When dangerous goods in solid form in bulk are carried, appropriate instructions on emergency response to incidents involving the cargo shall be onboard.<br>
• Certificate of fitness for ships carrying dangerous goods<br>
Cargo ships of 500 gross tonnage and over, constructed on or after 1 September 1984, and cargo ships of less than 500 gross
tonnage, constructed on or after 1 February 1992, shall have a certificate of fitness when carrying dangerous goods in solid form in bulk, except for class 6.2 and class 7 goods.<br><br>

'''Hold cleanliness''' <br>
The IMSBC Code requires the holds to be clean, and dry for all types of seedcake cargo.<br><br>
Cargo claims involving seedcake cargo are commonly the result of contamination – often by residues from previous cargo.
In order that such claims are avoided, the ship is required to ensure that holds are suitably cleaned, with all traces of
previous cargo removed.<br><br>
In many claims, holds are rejected prior to loading due to the staining of the frames and bulkheads from previous cargo, particularly [[coal]] and [[petcoke]]. Numerous claims involve cargo contaminated with dust, rust and scale from the tank top or
bulkheads. Often, the amount of scale is considerable.<br><br>
Hold preparation is an important part of the carriage and should not be underestimated. The master should seek proper guidance if he is unclear about the hold cleanliness requirements.<br><br>
Cargo spaces are usually rejected due to remnants of previous cargo in upper parts of the hold,underside of hatch covers and
on framing (where applicable).<br><br>

'''Loading, stowage and segregation'''<br>
Weather precautions<br>
The IMSBC Code makes it clear that seedcake cargo shall be kept as dry as practicable. The cargo should not be handled during
precipitation. During loading and discharge, all non-working hatches of the cargo holds into which the cargo is loaded or to be loaded should be closed. Masters and cargo officers should be aware of the prevailing weather conditions and have obtained a weather forecast. Before loading commences, clear communication should be put in place with those in charge of the shore-side operations over the action to be taken in the event of rain.<br><br>
Trimming<br>
Trimming a cargo reduces the likelihood of the cargo shifting and minimises the surface area available for air to enter the cargo. An increased air supply can promote spontaneous heating caused by oxidation of the residual oil in the cargo. To minimise these risks, cargo shall be trimmed reasonably level. The cargo should be trimmed in accordance with the relevant provisions of the IMSBC Code, as follows:<br><br>
Due consideration shall be given to the amount of a solid bulk cargo in each cargo space, taking into account the possibility of shifting and longitudinal moments and forces of the ship. Cargo shall be stowed as widely as practicable to the boundary of the cargo space. Alternative hold-loading restrictions, as required by SOLAS, may also need to be taken into account. <br><br>
The master has the right to require that the cargo be trimmed level, where there is any concern regarding stability based upon the information available, taking into account the characteristics of the ship and the intended voyage. <br><br>
For more informed guidance on the trimming of cargo that flow, refer to the IMO International Code for the Safe Carriage of [[Grain]] in Bulk, according to which the term ‘grain’ covers wheat, [[maize]] ([[corn]]), oats, rye, [[barley]], rice, pulses, [[seeds]] and processed forms thereof, whose behaviour is similar to that of [[grain]] in its natural state.<br><br>

'''Hatch covers'''<br>
Hatches of the cargo spaces carrying seedcake shall be weathertight to prevent the ingress of water. The majority of solid
bulk cargo damage claims involve water in the holds, and seedcake is no exception.<br>
A ship with leaking hatch covers may be subjected to claims of ‘unseaworthiness’.<br><br>
'''Hatch cover maintenance'''<br>
Ongoing maintenance and inspection are necessary to ensure weathertight hatch covers. In order to prevent hatch covers
from leaking, ensure that:<br>
• rubber packing is in good order<br>
• compression bars are in good order <br>
• channels and drains are clear of cargo and debris<br>
• securing devices are working efficiently<br>
• the steel fabrication of the hatch covers and coaming are aintained and not holed<br>
• welding of hatchways must not be carried out when they are loaded with cargo<br><br>

'''Ventilation'''<br>
Mechanically expelled seeds, containing more than 10% of oil or more than 20% of oil and moisture combined (1), shall not be mechanically ventilated (except in an emergency) and caution is required when mechanically ventilating other hazardous seedcake cargo.<br><br>
As previously discussed, a high moisture content of the cargo can cause self-heating through microbiological activity, producing
temperatures in the region of 70ºC. Such elevated temperatures can accelerate the heat, producing oxidation of oil in the seedcake and causing the temperature of the cargo to rise further, possibly leading to spontaneous combustion. Steam is usually produced before the cargo takes fire.<br><br>

'''Hazards of oxygen depletion'''<br>
The oils in seedcake are liable to oxidise, causing a subsequent reduction of the concentration of oxygen in the air inside
the cargo space. Additionally, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide may be produced. Entry of personnel into cargo spaces for this cargo shall not be permitted until tests have been carried out and it has been established that the oxygen content has been restored to a normal level and carbon monoxide is absent, or at least at a concentration in which it is safe to work.
Even when the hatch covers have been open for some time, the ladder access trunkings may still not be properly ventilated. Treat
these spaces as enclosed spaces and make use of personal gas meters calibrated for oxygen and carbon monoxide.<br><br>

'''Discharge'''<br>
As much as possible, prior to arrival at the discharge port, consideration shall be given to:<br>
• the requirements of the receiving country<br>
• the draught survey<br>
• the cargo surveys where applicable<br>
• the discharge method/sequence<br>
• ballasting<br>
• ISPS<br>
• the ship/shore safety checklist<br>
• monitoring of gangway and moorings<br>
• weather conditions during discharge<br>

Clean up<br>
The level of cleaning undertaken in the holds following discharge of the cargo should be driven by the requirements of the
next cargo to be loaded. Where the next cargo is unknown, holds should be cleaned to ‘grain clean’ standard. <br><br>

'''Emergency Procedures'''<br>
The temperature of this cargo shall be measured regularly at a number of depths in the cargo spaces and recorded during the
voyage. If the temperature of the cargo reaches 55°C and continues to increase, the master should inform the owner/manager and seek expert guidance. Ventilation to the cargo space should be stopped and the hold should be sealed. Effective sealing of the hold may be sufficient to arrest the heat-producing oxidation reaction. This is because the oxygen is used up in the reaction faster than it can be replenished and the oxygen concentration in the hold then falls to a level at which the reaction can no longer be sustained. If, subsequently, ventilation of the cargo space is resumed, it is likely that the oxidation reaction will cause self-heating of the cargo also to resume. In the event that the cargo continues to self-heat after the hold has been
sealed, the temperature within the hold should be assessed by any means available and the master will need to consider further
fire-fighting measures, such as introducing carbon dioxide or inert gas to the cargo space.<br><br>

'''Duties of the cargo officer'''<br>
The cargo officer, usually the chief officer, should familiarise himself with the properties, characteristics and hazards of the cargo prior to loading. He should understand what measures need to be in place to prevent deterioration of the cargo or a dangerous situation occurring, and what to do should it happen. As per normal cargo operations, he will be responsible for ensuring:<br>
• holds are prepared prior to loading<br>
• cargo gear is in good working order, suitable for the intended work and conforming to Safe Working Load (SWL) requirements
• documents are in order confirming that the shipment is safe for sea transport<br>
• the recording of cargo condition and any pre-shipment damage<br>
• removable hatch covers (where applicable) are stowed in such a place and fashion so as to not be damaged<br>
• the ship’s fitness for loading and carrying the cargo (including access, lighting, guard rails, scupper plugs, fire-fighting, etc. where applicable)<br>
• monitoring the ballast operations<br>
• safe conditions for the working of stevedores on board <br>
• the confirmation of loading/discharging quantities and procedures with shore-side<br>
• the prevention of cargo damage during loading (including the closing of hatch covers during precipitation where applicable)<br>
• that hatches are secure on completion of loading<br>
• the isolation and stowage of cargo gear on completion of cargo operations<br>
• monitor draught surveys/cargo quantity measurements<br>
• communications with respect to cargo operations<br>
• no smoking<br>
• hold lights off and electrically isolated<br>
• holds sealed as appropriate<br><br>

'''Carriage in containers'''<br>
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code governs the carriage of dangerous goods in packaged form. The
IMDG Code requirements for hazardous seedcake in containers follows the guidance for the carriage of hazardous seedcake in bulk,
as required by the IMSBC Code described in this article:<br>
• the cargo shall be kept dry<br>
• surface ventilation is required (through ventilation is required for 1 and 2 types of seedcake (see above)<br>
• the cargo shall be kept away from all sources of heat, which includes pipes and bulkheads, which are liable to become
heated (e.g. engine-room bulkhead or heated fuel oil tanks). <br><br>
The containers can be carried on or under deck, with the exception that seedcake UN 1386 (a) cannot be transported on passenger
ships where the number of passengers is more than 25 or there is more than one passenger per 3m of overall length. <br><br>

'''Details of the properties loading and carriage requirements for each type of seedcake'''<br>
* 1) Mechanically expelled seeds, containing more than 10% of oil or more than 20% of oil and moisture combined.
• To be carried in bulk only with permission from the competent authority from the country of shipment. [[Contact]] names and addresses of the offices of designated competent authorities responsible for the safe carriage of grain and solid bulk cargo is listed in the IMO International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargo (IMSBC) Code.<br>
• This cargo shall only be accepted for loading when the temperature of the cargo is not higher than the ambient temperature plus 10°C, or 55°C, whichever is lower.<br>
• Before shipment, this cargo shall be properly aged; the duration of ageing required varies with the oil content. Ageing refers to the period of storage of the cargo prior to loading.<br>
• The temperature of this cargo shall be measured regularly at a number of depths in the cargo spaces and recorded during the
voyage. If the temperature of the cargo reaches 55°C and continues to increase, ventilation to the cargo shall be stopped.
If self-heating continues, then carbon dioxide or inert gas shall be introduced to the cargo space.<br>
• The cargo spaces carrying this cargo shall not be mechanically ventilated during voyage to prevent self-heating of the cargo,
except in case of emergency.<br><br>
The competent authority may permit seedcakes described in this schedule to be carried under conditions governing Seedcake (2; see below), when satisfied, as a result of tests, that such relaxation is justified. Certificates from the competent authority giving such permission shall state the oil content and moisture content.<br><br>

* 2) Solvent extractions and expelled seeds, containing not more than 10% of oil, and when the amount of moisture is higher than 10%, not more than 20% of oil and moisture combined.<br>
This entry covers the following:<br>
a. All solvent-extracted and expelled seedcake containing not more than 10% oil, and not more than 10% moisture; and
b. All solvent-extracted and expelled seedcake containing not more than 10% oil and a moisture content higher than 10%, in which
case the oil and moisture combined must not exceed 20%.<br>
The provisions of this schedule do not apply to solvent-extracted rape seed meal, pellets, soya bean meal, cotton seed meal and
sunflower seed meal containing not more than 4% oil and 15% oil and moisture combined. A certificate from a person recognised by
the competent authority of the country of shipment should be provided by the shipper, prior to loading, stating that the provisions for the exemption are met.<br><br>
When, in solvent-extracted seedcake, the oil or oil and moisture content exceeds the percentages stated above, guidance should be sought from the competent authority.<br>
• If the bulkhead between the cargo space and the engine room is not insulated to class A-60 standard, solvent extraction seedcake shall be stowed ‘away from’ the bulkhead.<br>
• This cargo shall only be accepted for loading when the cargo is substantially free from flammable solvent and a certificate from a person recognised by the competent authority of the country of shipment specifying the oil content and moisture content is issued.<br>
• Before shipment, this cargo shall be properly aged; the duration of ageing required varies with the oil content. Ageing refers to the period of storage of the cargo prior to loading.<br>
• The temperature of this cargo shall be measured regularly at a number of depths in the cargo spaces and recorded during the
voyage. If the temperature of the cargo reaches 55°C and continues to increase, ventilation to the cargo shall be stopped. If self-heating continues, then carbon dioxide (CO<sub<2</sub>) or inert gas should be introduced to the cargo space.<br>
• In the case of solvent-extracted seedcake, the use of carbon dioxide or inert gas shall be withheld until it becomes apparent
that fire is not liable to take place in the cargo space, to avoid the possibility of ignition of solvent vapors.<br>
• When the planned interval between the commencement of loading and the completion of discharge of this cargo exceeds five days, the cargo shall be not be accepted for loading unless the cargo is to be carried in a cargo space equipped with facilities
for introducing carbon dioxide or inert gas into the space.<br>
• Smoking and the use of naked lights shall be prohibited in the vicinity of the cargo space during loading and unloading and on
entry into the cargo spaces at any other time.<br>
• Electrical circuits for equipment in cargo spaces that is unsuitable for use in an explosive atmosphere shall be isolated by removal of links in the system other than fuses.<br>
• Spark-arresting screens shall be fitted to ventilators to the cargo spaces containing this cargo.<br>
• Surface ventilation, either natural or mechanical, should be conducted as necessary, for removing any residual solvent
vapor. To prevent self-heating of the cargo, caution is required when using mechanical ventilation.<br>
• In the case of solvent-extracted seedcake, the use of CO<sub>2</sub> should be withheld until fire is apparent. The use of CO2 is limited to controlling the fire and further amounts may need to be injected from time to time during the sea passage to reduce the oxygen content in the hold. On arrival in port, the cargo will need to be dug out to reach the seat of the fire.<br><br>

* 3)Seedcake with not more than 1.5% oil and not more than 11% moisture.<br>
The provisions of this entry do not apply to solvent-extracted rape seed meal pellets, soya bean meal, cotton seed meal and sunflower seed meal containing not more than 1.5% oil and not more than 11% moisture, and being substantially free from flammable solvent.<br>
A certificate from a person recognised by the competent authority of the country of shipment should be provided by the shipper, prior to loading, stating that the provisions for the exemption are met.<br>
• If the bulkhead between the cargo space and the engine room is not insulated to class A-60 standard, solvent extraction seed
shall be stowed ‘away from’ the bulkhead.<br>
• This cargo shall only be accepted for loading when the cargo is substantially free from flammable solvent and a certificate from a person recognised by the competent authority of the country of shipment specifying the oil content and moisture content
is issued.<br>
• The temperature of this cargo shall be measured regularly at a number of depths in the cargo spaces and recorded during the
voyage. If the temperature of the cargo reaches 55°C and continues to increase, ventilation to the cargo shall be stopped.<br>
• If self-heating continues, then carbon dioxide or inert gas shall be introduced to the cargo space. The use of carbon dioxide or inert gas shall be withheld until it becomes apparent that fire is not liable to take place in the cargo space, to avoid the possibility of ignition of solvent vapors.<br>
• When the planned interval between the commencement of loading and the completion of discharge of this cargo exceeds
five days, the cargo shall be not be accepted for loading unless the cargo is to be carried in a cargo space equipped with facilities for introducing carbon dioxide or inert gas into the space.<br>
• Smoking and the use of naked lights shall be prohibited in the vicinity of the cargo space during loading and unloading, and on entry into the cargo spaces at any other time.<br>
• Electrical circuits for equipment in cargo spaces that is unsuitable for use in an explosive atmosphere shall be isolated by removal of links in the system other than fuses.<br>
• Spark-arresting screens shall be fitted to ventilators in the cargo spaces containing this cargo.<br>
• Surface ventilation, either natural or mechanical, should be conducted as necessary for removing any residual solvent
vapour. To prevent self-heating of the cargo, caution is required when using mechanical ventilation.<br>
• For solvent-extracted seedcake, the use of CO2 should be withheld until fire is apparent. The use of CO(sub>2</sub> is limited to controlling the fire, and further amounts may need to be injected from time to time during passage to reduce the oxygen content in the hold. On arrival in port, the cargo will need to be dug out to reach the seat of the fire.<br><br>

* 4)Non-hazardous seedcake
Non-hazardous seedcake is regarded as non-combustible or a material having a low fire risk. However, there have been incidents of allegedly ‘non-hazardous’ seedcake self-heating to temperatures as high as 80°C during loading, requiring the cargo to be discharged to avoid the risk of a fire in the hold. Furthermore, there are reports of fire incidents involving this category of seedcake.<br>
The IMSBC Code provides that the following seedcake cargo can be carried as non-hazardous when substantially free from flammable
solvents and containing not more than 4% oil and 15% of oil and moisture combined:<br>
• solvent-extracted rape seed meal or pellets<br>
• soya bean meal<br>
• cotton seed meal<br>
• sunflower seed meal<br>
A certificate from a person recognised by the competent authority of the country of shipment shall be provided by the shipper, prior to loading, stating that the requirements for exemption from the conditions of carriage for 2 and 3  material (see above) are met and that the consignment should not be carried as hazardous seedcake.<br><br>

'''Loading of dry bulk cargo'''<br>
The following information is to be included where applicable:<br>
1. The BCSN (bulk cargo shipping name) when the cargo is listed in the Code. (Secondary names may be used in addition to
the BCSN)<br>
2. The cargo group (IMO IMSBC Code Group A, B, C or both A & B)<br>
3. The IMO Class of the cargo<br>
4. The UN number, preceded by letters ‘UN’ for the cargo<br>
5. The total quantity of cargo offered<br>
6. The stowage factor<br>
7. Self-heating properties of the cargo and the need for trimming and the trimming procedures, as necessary<br>
8. The likelihood of shifting, including angle of repose<br>
9. Additional information in the form of a certificate on the moisture content of the cargo and its transportable moisture limit in the case of a concentrate or other cargo that may liquefy<br>
10. Likelihood of formation of a wet base<br>
11. Toxic or flammable gases that may be generated by cargo<br>
12. Flammability, toxicity, corrosiveness and propensity to oxygen depletion of the cargo<br>
13. Properties on emission of flammable gases in contact with water<br>
14. Radioactive properties (where applicable)<br>
15. Any other information required by national authorities<br>
Information provided by the shipper shall be accompanied by a cargo declaration<br><br>

Reference is made to the relevant IMO publications of hazardous cargo. <br><br>

[[Category:Seeds and agriproducts]]
[[Category:Products]]